Women Domestic Violence Offenders Lessons Of Violence...

Women Domestic Violence Offenders Cindy L. Seaman, Linda J. Rubin, and Sally D. Stabb, all affiliated with Texas Woman’s University, composed the article: Women Domestic Violence Offenders: Lessons of Violence and Survival 2007. In result of the growing problem of women that are more frequently being arrested for assaulting their partners, the need for exploration and research to investigate this phenomenon, along with women’s motivations for current violence, was necessary. The author’s purpose and intent of the article was to highlight current intervention methods of domestic abuse and causation of why women choose to assault. By exploring this epidemic, perhaps treatment intervention methods could be discovered and implemented. In the introduction Seaman, Rubin, and Stabb brought necessary insight to the controversy over family conflict studies opposed to crime studies. The inconsistency with both reports is crucial when looking at women in relation to domest ic abuse. This is because data conflicts. Family studies show an increase in both men and women abusers; claiming women abuse just as frequent as men. However, in crime studies and police statistics, reports indicate a much lower assault rate for women. Therefore, the authors chose a qualitative study, in hopes to discover why such data conflicts and to shed light on, perhaps, two different concepts altogether. The idea that couple-conflict is different from the idea of patriarchal terrorism, committed byShow MoreRelatedIntimate Partner Violence and Substance Abuse in Women Essay1970 Words   |  8 Pagespartner violence. (2013) It is estimated that twelve million people in the United States alone are affected each year. Intimate partner violence includes anything from physical or sexual abuse to psychological abuse to stalking or threats by a current or former partner. This form of violence can occur among couples that identify with any sexual orientation. The CDC reports that ind ividuals who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual are at an equal or higher risk for intimate partner violence. (2013)Read MoreViolence And Sexual Abuse Of Stockholm Syndrome And Violence Against Women Essay1844 Words   |  8 Pagessomething more harmful than a playground scuffle. This makes this damaging wives’ tale an enforcer of Stockholm syndrome and violence against women. (Jameson, 2011) These kinds of societal beliefs teaches men to treat the women they admire with brutality as an expression of their feelings as well as a sexual object of their desire. It has taught women to accept these acts of violence and sexual abuse as an equivalent for love and compliment. Stockholm syndrome is a defense mechanism of sorts: the abusedRead MoreEducator in a Pastoral Role4826 Words   |  20 Pagesthe solid rock or foundation of any family. Historically a man is seen as the provider. He ‘brings home the bacon’ if you will. He attends to any problems and is not only the provider but also the security footing of a family. In the 21 st century women are making huge inroads and the social landscape is changing with regards to a woman providing in equal measure to a family’s disposable income which takes away the pressure from a man to a certain extent. However, a man is still seen as the strongerRead MoreChild Abuse Is A Global Problem4877 Words   |  20 Page sDEFINITIONS â€Å"Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power†. (World Health Organization) Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotionalRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 PagesB. vegetarianism C. moderation of drinking D. total abstinence from all alcoholic beverages ANS:C PG68 11. Historically, the Chinese have had the biggest problem with which addictive drug? A.Opium B.Cocaine C.Marijuana D.Ecstasy ANS:A PG68 12. The lesson that we can learn from Shane Butler’s insightful analysis of treatment in Ireland is the need for: A. compatibility between societies’ belief systems and publicly instituted policy B. abstinence as a focus of treatment C. a return to Catholic principlesRead MoreHealth Safety Issues in Garments Industry of Bangladesh11720 Words   |  47 Pageson Health Safety issues in present Garments Industry of Bangladesh. Because if Heath Safety policies cannot be established properly, in near future garments sector of Bangladesh will face very tou gh competition for ensuring it’s competitive survival in the world market. Purpose of the report †¢ Present necessity of Heath Safety policies in work place invented implementation in developed countries †¢ Analyze the present the Health Safety situation in workplace of GarmentsRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesEudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwiseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPrinter: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibitedRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCritical path method (.2) 6.5.2.6 Lead and lag activities [6.2.3] F.3 Project duration Chapter 14 Project closure Closure report 4.5.1.4 Organization processes (.5) [4.5.3 4.6.3.2] 4.6.1 Administrative tasks (.3) [3.7.1, 12.4] 10.3.3.1 Lessons learned [8.3.3.4] 9.4.2.2 Individual performance appraisals Chapter 7 Managing Risk Chapter 15 Chapter 16 International Projects Oversight 11.1 Risk management process [F.8] 11.2 Identifying risks 11.3.2.2 Impact matrix 11.4 Risk assessmentRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesAssociation. In his spare time, he enjoys reading, cooking and eating good food, tennis, and travel to faraway places. He is especially proud of his wife, Carol, a retired elementary school teacher, his daughter Allison, who works for the Center for Women and Excellence in Boston, and his daughter Teri, who is ï ¬ nishing a graduate program in education at NYU. ROXY PECK is Associate Dean of the College of Science and Mathematics and Professor of Statistics at California Polytechnic State University

Dr. Martin Luther King - 874 Words

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. writes this letter as a response to the clergymen, who criticized and impeded the nonviolent campaign led by King in Birmingham. In his long letter, Marin Luther King presents a good deal of rational reasons for why the nonviolent campaign should be done in Southern America. He also demonstrates his unmovable determination to accomplish the goal of this nonviolent campaign. Obviously, King intends to awake the clergymen and other opponents by this touching letter. From the historical aspect, King did a great job in convincing his opponents on social justice issues with this letter, since he carried out the nonviolent campaign and successfully won over equal rights for black people. However, leaving alone the history, I’d like to look into the language aspect in this missive and analyze how King’s words make his letter unexpectedly persuasive. Martin Luther King argues that nonviolence campaign must be conducted in Birmingham, since this is where all black people are treated unfairly and completely exposed to really severe social injustices. King states in his letter: â€Å"Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of police brutality is known in every section of this country. Its unjust treatment of Negroes in the courts is a notorious reality. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in this nation.† King uses this fact to supportShow MoreRelatedDr. Martin Luther King1101 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King is a very passionate, motivating and an inspiring speaker. His â€Å"I Have a Dream is a perfect example of pathos. His speech had so much passions that it filled the audience with so much emotions. Even though there is a strong presence of pathos, than logo and ethos. They are very mu ch present in his speech. On August 28, 1963, on a Washington DC street filled with over 250,000 demonstrators [black and white, young and old] came together to witness Dr. Martin Luther King speaksRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King886 Words   |  4 Pagesremarkable and influential advocate of the Civil Rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King, addressed the injustices pertaining to his time period in the mid 1950s and advocated nonviolence as an approach to acquire the equality that society was lacking. Dr. King practiced what he preached and gained an innumerable amount of followers. He was ultimately successful because of his use of nonviolence. Through boycotting, sit-ins, and marches, Dr. King achieved the high regard he has today. Furthermore, CesarRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King1647 Words   |  7 PagesKing was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. (1899–1984) and Alberta Williams King (1904–1974).[1] King s legal name at birth was Michael King,[2] and his father was also born Michael King, but the elder King changed his and his son s names following a 1934 trip to Germany to attend the Fifth Baptist World Alliance Congress in Berlin. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin LutherRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King1246 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom their place in history. Martin Luther brought important philosophical and moral concerns into the public arena. King belongs to a special of classes of activist philosophical whose philosophical and lives are inseparable because his chief concerns were social progress and improvement, Dr. King s powerful speaking skills combined with his courageous actions on behalf of racial justice, makes him a compelling exemplar of philosophical advocacy in action. Dr. King is widely regarded as AmericaRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King1826 Words   |  8 Pagesour praised leaders have risen in times of depression, and in eras when we lacked the ability to come together for ourselves. Dr. Martin Luther King was and will forever be remembered as one of the greatest leaders in American history for his public speaking skills that united millions during the civil rights movement. Born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta Georgia, Dr. King was raised in a family of prominent pastors. He later followed in his families’ footsteps and became the third member to becomeRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.1410 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well noted American leader, who is known primarily for his role in the African-American civil rights movement of the 20th century in USA. He is often regarded as a champion of human rights and considered to be not only associated with the cause of racial discrimination against the African-Americans, but also with other social causes relating to injustice, unfairness and discrimination in the American society. He also holds the privilege of being the youngest eve r personRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.1194 Words   |  5 Pagesdemand that all people be treated equally. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. advocated that people needed to take a stand and quit being patient, in order to advance democracy in America. Was King correct in believing that impatience helps to advance democracy? I argue that Dr. King was correct in demanding impatience from the African American community to achieve equality. In this paper I will be evaluating the stance that Dr. King takes on impatience by looking at Dr. King’s work as well as the work of MahatmaRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.916 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. left a legacy behind like no man before him; his presence was one that completely reshaped the nation. Through his role in the advancement of civil rights by utilizing non-violent methods, he was able to break down the racial barriers built by prejudice and discrimination. Many of his ideals and principles are timeless . His widespread vision is still applied to resolve many issues in today’s society. The six principals of nonviolence from Dr. King are great tools toRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1918 Words   |  8 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s (MLK) was a every influential person he led the civil rights movement to bring equality to people regardless of race. He had a strong belief in nonviolence this is why MLK fought for the civil rights movement which lead the society we have today. His dream was halfway fulfilled and we can say halfway because still today in society even though there is no segregation, people still judge and still think wrong about others. In this paper show that his dream is someRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.1337 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr. is, arguably, the most influential African American leader in the history of the United States of America. His â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was delivered on Wednesday, August 28th, 1963 during the March on Washington for Jobs and Equality. His words were captivating and full of hope. The March on Washington for Jobs and Equality was not the first large civil rights march led by African Americans. There were many marches previous such as the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in

Moo Cow Frozen Yogurt Free Essays

Moo Cow Frozen yogurt it is also low in calories and high in calcium and protein. In fact, it contains a higher content of calcium per 100g when compared to milk and cheese! Moo Cow is the most impressive frozen yogurt in terms of calcium content, with a whopping 844. 3mg of calcium per 100g serving. We will write a custom essay sample on Moo Cow Frozen Yogurt or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other than being high in calcium, FroYo also contains all the beneficial ingredients of yogurt such as probiotics (the â€Å"good bacteria†) with health benefits ranging from boosting the immune system, helping digestion, lowering cholesterol as well as combating stress and allergies. Frozen yoghurt needs to have 107 viable â€Å"live and active† lactic acid bacteria per gram at time of manufacture in order to be effective, and Moo Cow contains 1. 8 x 107 acido philusbifidus thermophilus, as analysed by the Chemical Laboratory of Malaysia. natural goodness and a whole lots of health benefits. Live and active culture provides good bacteria that improves digestive system. The words â€Å"Live Active Culture† refer to the living organism Streptococcus, Thermophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus which convert pasteurized milk to yogurt fermentation. Now, instead of yogurt and yogurt drinks, there is frozen yogurt! Which I love ~†¦ Moo Cow sells frozen yogurt of several varieties of flavours, including a weird and daring attempt of ice kacang flavour. unlike other frozen yogurts, the toppings are really healthy. From choices of oats, sunflower seeds, raisins, prunes, cornflakes, pumpkin seeds and nuts. You probably think its no fun and dull, but it turns out to be surprisingly delightful. and if you are watching your health (and for the ladies, weight and figure), how about just switch the ice cream with all natural goodness of frozen yogurt. Reference http://goodyfoodies. blogspot. com/2012/03/moo-cow-frozen-yogurt-gardens-mall. html http://foodeverywhere. wordpress. com/2011/08/01/moo-cow-frozen-yogurt/ How to cite Moo Cow Frozen Yogurt, Essay examples

Financial Reports Declared By The Firm DIPLâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Reports Declared By The Firm DIPL? Answer: Introducation In essence, there are specific results of judgements for both preparation as well as presented of firms audit (Duncan and Whittington 2014). However, process of audit can be affected by the precise line of approach of the analytical approach adopted for deciphering specific information from the financial reports declared by the firm DIPL. For instance, analysis of key financial ratio computed from the financial statement of DIPL can help in understanding the financial condition of the firm: Detailed evaluation of financial state of affairs of the firm DIPL can be carried out by using key financial ratio such as profitability ratio, solvency ratio along with liquidity ratio (Baylis et al. 2017). Results of the financial ratio is hereby enumerated based on the financial assertions declared by the firm DIPL. Profit margin ratio reflecting the profitability condition of the firm is enumerated to be 0.068 during the FY 2013, 0.60 recorded in 2014 and 0.06 in 2015. This shows that the profitability condition of the firm improved during the period 2014, but further declined during the period 2015. Again, the solvency ratio is enumerated to be 0.62 in 2013, 0.44 in 2014 and 0..21 in 2015. Essentially, this replicates the fact that the .solvency condition of the firm dropped during both 2014 and further in 2015. Again, the current ration of DIPL is calculated to be 1.42 in 2013, 1.46 in 2015 and 1.50 in 2015. This shows that the liquidity condition reflected by the current ratio has improved over the said period of time. Thus, examination of significant financial ratio aids auditors in comprehending diverse expends of the firm are properly well-designed and operational. In addition to this, ratio analysis of the financial statements of DIPL also helps in understanding whether entire costs that the company incurs are unusually high. Furthermore, financial ratio also assists in understanding both the belongings along with resources of the corporation together with the way DIPL can undertake different necessary acts to restrain any sort of adverse incidence (Homb et al. 2014). Inherent Risk Evaluation of business case on DIPL reflects different errors or else faults exist in financial statements owing to mistakes committed by the proficient accountants. Examination of financial statements also reveals that the company DIPL has failed to attain pre-determined figure on figure from the sales proceeds of the firm. Mainly, this occurs because of failure of the management of the firm to understand diverse necessary requirements along with different micro as well as macro facets of the business environ , lets say different aspects of political as well as social affairs along with economic facets. It can be hereby witnessed that the lower amount of sales of the firm also directs towards events of inherent risks (Loconto 2017). Besides this, employees of the firm DIPL also add to the inherent risk of the firm. Again, inadequate experience and level of expertise of the workers also add to the overall inherent risks of the firm DIPL. Nevertheless, the non-proficient employees can escalate the overall inherent risk of the firm as they are more probable to commit errors. However, this can lead to erroneousness representation of financial statements and this might be referred to as the material misstatements (Chambers and Odar 2015). In addition to this, different environmental features can increase the level of inherent risk of the firm. This primarily occurs because of swift transformation in the business environ and proper link to specific schemes, very tough level of competition in the market and shortfall of capital (Graham 2015). Inherent Risk Inherent risks also occur in the course of selection of CEO and the process of CEO succession. Therefore, there is a pressing need for following a proper strategy for selection of subsequent CEO s of the firm. Essentially, beginning a certain task without sticking to specific pre-stated strategies, beginning the entire process late, inapt linkage to the CEO and selection of the nominee of the CEO might possibly give way to events to inherent risks. Additionally, proper listing and registering of different cash proceeds by finance experts can too lead to development of inherent risks of the company. Again, detailed cataloguing of proceeds from the business from certain e-books, proper issuance of manuals or else text books also add to the inherent risk in the future period as a result of complicatedness of the overall mechanism (Pitt 2014). Diverse reasons behind the risks due to material misstatement in the financial statements are as mentioned below: unnecessary work load on employees as well as administration of DIPL Committing errors while preparation as well as presentation of financial statements can lead to flawed or material misstatements (Jones and Beattie 2015) steadiness of total administration strain on management features in conjunction with character of functionalities of DIPL Critical analysis of the particular business case on DIPL can lead to incidence of different types of risk. Risks might crop up owing to engagement of different discontented workers in different deceitful actions. Examination of functionalities of the firm reveals the fact that there exists enormous pressure on employees of the firm, administration of DIPL to acquire a new guideline for system of accounting. Nevertheless, this also put forth enormous strain on employees to presume the assignment of suitable and advanced IT induced system of accounting (Duncan and Whittington 2014). This might conceivably occur due to different deceitful actions. As a result, workforces might get engaged in different duplicitous actions. Thereafter, workers might also get influenced and manage the entire process of clearing in an accurate manner and therefore take on misstatement i n financial statements of DIPL. However, critical analysis of the business operation of the firm DIPL clearly replicates the fact that unsuitable way of managing the entire task of implementing or applying the innovative solution for improvement of accounting system can lead to inherent risk. this essentially leads to assumption of precise business dealings and inappropriate way of dealing with the financial transactions of the firm lead to erroneous representation and material misstatement in financial assertions (Baylis et al. 2017). There are diverse risks that might crop up owing to different fraudulent actions that take place in course of both preparation as well as presentation of pecuniary declaration of DIPL. Again, huge anticipations of sponsors outside that of the organization also lead to risk of material misstatements. For example, the financial statements present financial evidences and the company intends to present evidence that shows realisation of pre-determined performance objectives in the financial statements. This in turn can help the management of the company to draw more number of sponsors (Loconto 2017). Thus, this compels the management of the firm to overstate their revenue and understate their expends. This can help the management of the corporation to acquire higher amount of debt. Thus this raises the fraud risk of the company DIPL. Besides this, the calculated gross earnings as well as net revenue is said to have elevated. Nevertheless, the business case also reflects that DIPL has acq uired loan amounting to 7.5 million from BDO Finance. In addition to this, business case on DIPL also helps in understanding the fact a specific loan agreement has certain terms of contract that require certain level of current ratio of roughly 1.5 and debt equity ratio lesser than just about 1. Thus, it can be hereby mentioned that these facets have the need of maintaining specific financial ratio that can support the company to acquire credit (Graham 2015). Fundamentally, this can assist in different fraudulent activities and lead to reflection of financial condition References Baylis, R.M., Burnap, P., Clatworthy, M.A., Gad, M.A. and Pong, C.K., 2017. Private lenders demand for audit. Journal of Accounting and Economics. Chambers, A.D. and Odar, M., 2015. A new vision for internal audit. Managerial Auditing Journal, 30(1), pp.34-55. Duncan, B. and Whittington, M., 2014, September. Compliance with standards, assurance and audit: Does this equal security?. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks (p. 77). ACM. Graham, L., 2015. Internal Control Audit and Compliance: Documentation and Testing Under the New COSO Framework. John Wiley Sons. Homb, N.M., Sheybani, S., Derby, D. and Wood, K., 2014. Audit and feedback intervention: An examination of differences in chiropractic record-keeping compliance. Journal of Chiropractic Education, 28(2), pp.123-129. Jones, G. and Beattie, C., 2015. Local government internal audit compliance. Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal, 9(3), p.59. Loconto, A.M., 2017. Models of assurance: Diversity and standardization of modes of intermediation. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 670(1), pp.112-132. Pitt, S.A., 2014. Internal audit quality: Developing a quality assurance and improvement program. John Wiley Sons.

Poetry Essays (136 words) - , Term Papers

Poetry A life long friend could be true The years were so easy nothing to go wrong But then you grow up and you have to find you own people and friends They stick their hands out one at time For you to take it LOVE it and grow to it But then the saddest part of all is when you have to let go of them and say goodbye and start all over again Then your always stuck wondering if and when you'll see them again But whether you lik it or not you'll get pulled away Those friends that you've made are those of only memories in the back of your head You ask yourself why you just can't go on and guide each other through the tough parts of life? The life long so-called friend will soon be forgotten and just like before you won't even know their names.

The Efffects Of Louis 16Th On France Essays - Kingdom Of France

The Efffects Of Louis 16Th On France Essays - Kingdom Of France The Efffects Of Louis 16Th On France The French Revolution was a significant milestone in European history, remembered by many in historical and literary works. The situation in France, mostly under the leadership of Louis XVI, had a negative influence in France, thus creating a perfect climate for the French Revolution. France was plagued by both debt, and poor decision making. prior to 1789. France was poverty-stricken and burdened with some of the highest debts. On the and Interior Minister Chretien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes (*The economic origins of the French revolution, pg. 4). Louis introduced some of the most oppressive taxes and instituted financial reforms. Greater reforms were prevented by the opposition of the upper classes and court. This opposition was so strong that Turgot was forced to resign and was replaced by Jauques Necker. Lengthy wars, the support to the American Revolution and the gross amount of taxes paid and the lavish spending of the court contributed to the huge national debt. The governments financial problems were made worse after 1740 by the renewal of costly wars (the French revolution, pg. 9). The war of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years War (1756-1763) were European wars over the domination of central Europe and colonial and commercial wars between France and Great Britain (*Aspects of the French Revolution pg. ). At their end, in 1763 France had lost almost all of its colonial empire in America and India. In 1778 the French launched an attack against Britain in the American Revolution. They were hoping to weaken old rivalries and regain lost colonies. The hopes of the French were not realized and their participation in the war increased an already heavy national debt. After Louis XVI granted financial aid (1778-81) to the American colonies revolting against Great Britain, Necker proposed drastic taxes on the nobility. Necker was forced to resign in 1781 (Louis XVI and M. Antoinette ..pg 37) because of the discontentment of the people. Charles Alexandre deCalonne replaced him in 1783 and borrowed money for the court until the borrowing limit was reached (* Canadian Encyclopedia ref: france, revolution ). The anger of the French people against taxes, debt and lavish spending on the Court resulted in the recall of Necker in 1788, who still could not prevent bankruptcy of the government. During the next couple of years the financial crisis steadily worsened, because the government was bankrupt. Louis was forced to call a meeting with a delegate of the Estates-General, ( a government group consisting of representatives of the clergy, nobility and commoners). Once in the meeting the Estates-General took power of the government. One of the other causes of the national debt was at the fault of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Louis XVI was described as not overly intelligent, weak and incapable king (* Encarta, ref: Louis XVI). But he was intelligent enough to get money from the government. It was well known that Louis was more concerned with his own personal affairs than with the interests of the court and the people. Often work bored him and he left his work up to his advisors an ministers. He preferred to spend a lot time and the peoples money on extravagant things, and his wife. Rather than paying back previous debts and helping the situation, he increased taxes on the peasants and spent more money, worsening the predicament. By 1787, the national debt was 112,000,000 livres (* the French Revolution, Albert... pg. 25) and continued to get worse, sharpening the national debt even more. In the time leading up into and during the French Revolution there was class tensions, often between the nobility and the peasants. There were also poor living conditions. Some say that these situations are not Louis XVIs fault but were problems he inherited with the throne. So he cannot be blamed for the events leading into the French Revolution. In this time period there were class tensions. The nobles had all the privileges and rights. The peasants were stepped on from every angle. So what made the nobles so desirable? There was glamour, distinction and recognition that the noble statues brought. They had a range of privileges that they received. Nobles took precedence on public occasions, and carried swords. (the French Revolution, sydenham, ..pg 61)They were entitled to a trial at a special courts. They also enjoyed financial advantages. They paid no duties on transferring feudal property and nobility conferred exemption from the basic tax, le taille (* Oxford, pg.

Expanding Market for Chinese Mobiles Research Paper

Expanding Market for Chinese Mobiles - Research Paper Example The paper tells that China mobile limited is vigorously active to seek market opportunities for the fourth-generation telecommunication technology in foreign countries today because for the past years China has remained behind in establishing abroad markets. Through actively looking for the overseas market, China is aiming to have 30 to 60 million of 4G mobile type users worldwide by this year. As a result, through growth or expansion, this will assist China to emerge as a market decider in the future as shown by the analysts. The company’s management has aimed to hire international personnel or explores for new markets overseas, an international plan can help increase and spread a business. Therefore, China is the active concern with entry strategies in both non-equity, which includes export and contracts agreements with foreign nations and equity mode. This includes joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries activities in order to venture into international markets. On the other hand, the pictures outlined marketing strategies which are put in place to expand Chinese mobiles in the market. Additionally, the resume principle acts as a pillar to hold the business in the market. This is the first and most common strategy in order to become an international company. There should be an adequate import of goods from the foreign nations. Importing is the process of buying goods or services in another country. This will help to improve interrelationship between China and foreign nations. As a return, foreign nations will engage in exchange terms where China will have the opportunity to export its mobile phones to these foreign nations. Export is the process of selling goods or services produced in one country to other countries. Export can be either direct or indirect. Indirect export means that products are carried abroad by other agents and the parent firm does not have special activity connected with the foreign market since sales abroad are treated as the domestic one.

Role of geography in shaping life and evolution Essay

Role of geography in shaping life and evolution - Essay Example Geography as a discipline refers to the study â€Å"variations in phenomena from place to place† and explains the spatial features of a place (including climate, topology, land and water elements) that distinguishes it from other places (Holt-Jensen, 2009:9). The influence of a land’s geographical characteristics and the life forms that develop therein have been commonly known in a general way, in the manner that polar bears are known to inhabit glacial areas and elephants are known to naturally thrive in Africa and Asia. There is a need, though, to more profoundly appreciate the impact of geography to the development of animal and plant life, and vice versa, in order to effectively address sustainability. Biogeography involves the junction among biology, geography and history – that is, a merging of the study of the distribution of a species in location and time. Many authors have cited a host of factors that affect the evolution of life forms through time in re lation to geography: speciation, extinction, continental drift; glaciation and changes in water forms; landmass areas and isolation; available energy supplies; adaptation, and adaptive radiation Schluter (2000). Adaptation and adaptive radiation are closely related, but not the same. ... There are several links that may be drawn between biology and geography. The spatial attributes transcend the mere physical characteristics but also impact upon the subtle changes in the chemical constitution of the place. A causal link has been established, for instance, between the calcium levels of a place and the clutch size of birds and other life history traits. This is a relatively new finding, in that avian clutch size (i.e., the number of eggs/ nestlings produced by one female at one time) used to be linked only to food availability, predation and seasonality. It was found, however, that active females consume supplemental calcium during the breeding season and throughout egg formation, which they do not otherwise do during the off-season. This tends to support the observation that calcium availability is a factor that limits reproduction (Patten, 2007). A similar development is the change in the permafrost caused by the interaction between atmosphere, and snow cover in plac es such as the Swiss Alps, that impact upon the life cycles and survival prospects of snow-bound species (Luetschg & Haeberli, 2005). Biogeography has been described as â€Å"a science that is not only about islands but about the whole fabric of the natural world† (Kanigel, 1996). This definition appears to separate â€Å"man-made† from nature, that anything man-made upsets the natural balance. If that were held to be true, then the very existence of man would be unacceptable. The alternative position should therefore admit the viability of the anima urbis, or the role of nature in defining human-animal relations in the context of city life. There has been a resurgence of interest in exploring animals and the urban moral

Cisco Case Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cisco Case Analysis - Research Paper Example As per the 2010 company data, Cisco employed over 60,000 people and earned annual revenue of US$ 40 billion. Despite the adversities of 2009 global financial crisis, the company remains an attractive investment option for global investors. Networking industry comprises of a number of huge players like IBM. Therefore, the degree of competitive rivalry is very high in this sector. In addition, threat of substitutes is also high in networking industry since majority of the networking equipment is substitutable. However, the industry is less affected with the threat of new entrants because entry cost is huge in the networking sector. Evidently, supplier has less bargaining power over networking companies as there are a large number of potential suppliers. Although there are numerous potential suppliers, companies rarely opt to change their suppliers because of high switching cost. At the same time, buyer power is relatively high in the networking industry since modern customers are well informed of the prevailing market prices and increased provider options. Hence, the Porters’ five forces analysis indicates that the networking industry’s external environment does not offer potential opportunities to Cisco. The Cisco was founded in 1984 by two Stanford computer scientists, and the company was made public in 1990. As Nolan (2005) reports, from the beginning, the company concentrated to dominate the dramatically growing ‘internetworking’ market. In 1997, Cisco was included in the top five companies listed by Fortune 500 on the basis of return on revenues and return on assets. In the following year, the company’s market capitalization crossed $100 billion mark. The company overtook Microsoft in 2000. In the same year, some surveys reflected that Cisco products play a role in more than 75% of all internet traffic. Mission statement of Cisco is; â€Å"shape the future of the

British Petroleum Green Marketing Business Essay

British Petroleum Green Marketing Business Essay Introduction The essay is based on the marketing practises of British Petroleum (BP) in relation to their corporate social responsibility and the suitability of its marketing mixes application in society. The question asked is Green and fair trade marketing are just marketing ploys to get more money from consumers without really furthering the goals of sustainability or fairer trade? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the way in which an organisation expresses its values and ethical behaviour towards its stakeholders and society. Further, in light of public scrutiny and questioning; it is imperative to establish what exactly green marketing in relation to businesses CSR is and what it is doing in business today, especially in BP an oil company. After investigating BP promotional elements of its marketing mix. I watched a green advertisement; it begins with a lush green healthy forest with water dripping and sparkling from the tips of their leaves. In a distance a bird singing in the morning air, a man appear I believe is an environmentalist. The man is protecting the animal within the lush forest and the as the advertisement continues, I learn that the man works for an oil company called BP and I learn further how BP is doing such a wonderful job protecting the environment. However lets investigate BP profoundly. The company started in 1908 under company called Anglo-Persian, when oil found in a rugged part of Persia from explorer George Reynolds and British investor William DArcy. Over the next few decades, gas and electricity would largely replace kerosene for home heating; the invention of gasoline-fuelled vehicles would challenge the railways and roads. These social changes would open a door to the growth of Anglo-Persian and expand its sales both in Britain and in mainland Europe. In 1954, the Anglo-Persian board changed the companys name to The British Petroleum Company www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle. Downloaded 14-09-10. Today BP has transformed; growing from a local oil company into a global energy group. Employing over 80,000 people and operating in over 100 countries worldwide with brands such as Aral, Arco, Castrol and Wild Bean Cafà © under the BP umbrella. In 2009 financially BP had a very good year where the company made  £13,955 billion pre net profit, see appendix for full financial review. In their CSR; BP had these core values; BP pledge to help the world meet its growing need for heat, light and mobility. They strive to do that by producing energy that is affordable, secure and doesnt damage the environment. BP is progressive, responsible, innovative and performance driven see appendix for CSR and suitability reports. Progressive: We believe in the principle of mutual advantage and build productive relationships with each other, our partners and our customers. Responsible: We are committed to the safety and development of our people and the communities and societies in which we operate. We aim for no accidents, no harm to people and no damage to the environment. Innovative: We push boundaries today and create tomorrows breakthroughs through our people and technology Performance driven: We deliver on our promises through continuous improvement and safe, reliable operations. Using Hennison and Kinnear (1976) ecological marketing concept; BP emphasizes environmental issues with geographic focus for example climate change. The basis of their green marketing campaigns is using evidence of current environmental issues and environmental views with business interaction. BP focuses on the interrelationship between business society and the environment within their marketing mixes and sustainability reports. BP saves the day Over the last few decade environmental concerns has given raise to a green consumer with increasing demands, this has led to the emergence of green marketing, which attempts to balance the pursuit of sales and profit with a concern for the environment and society. According to Prothero (1990) defines green marketing as The holistic management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying the needs of customers and society, in a profitable and sustainable way(Responsible business marketing. PG 115) Today consumers worldwide expect large companies with recognizable brands such as BP to have first-class environmental and social credentials or their brand image could suffer from the negative publicity. Ignoring social and consumers demands for high-quality ethical practices can destroy customers trust and can lead to government legislations being imposed within Archie Carroll (1979) pyramid of legal responsibilities. Incorporating ethics and sustainability programmes can enhance and build public reputation, which can increase market share, costs savings and profits worldwide. Thus sustainability is the foundation of the green marketing concept which has 2 simple criteria which are about consumption and pollution. Using BP sustainability report which is accessible on their website this is how BP meets this criteria bp.com/sustainability Using natural resources at a rate at which environmental systems or human activity can replenish them (Responsible business marketing. PG 116) Using BP marketing mixes; BPs product produces fuel, energy and funds research into environmentally friendly fuel this illustrates the innovative and progressive element of their valves which strives to reduce the use and dependence on fossil fuel by society. Additionally, this helps reduce global warming through research techniques such as fuel with lower carbon monoxide that helps reduce the carbon emissions responsible for adverse climate changes beneficial to all living creatures on earth. Producing pollution and waste at a rate which can be absorbed by environmental systems without impairing their viability (Responsible business marketing. PG 116) As a producer of oil; BP does not overproduce fuel, as it benefits financially from a stable price within the profit and market share elements of the business. Within their organisation, BP has become more conscientious and develops strategies that centralize deliveries into larger but less frequent loads by improving vehicle utilisation with the use of eco friendly trucks which has less carbon foot print. This is an illustration of the place elements with the marketing mix, the performance-driven and responsible elements of their values. BP is a voluntary member and committed to (OCIMF) Oil Companies International Marine Forum for the past 23 years which they aim to reduce marine pollution. http://www.ocimf.com/ downloaded 18-09-10. Vandermerwe and Oliff (1990) found that in response to the green challenge; 92% of businesses had changed their product offerings with 85% changes in their production systems and 78% had changed the focus of their marketing communications and BP is no expectation to this survey (Responsible business marketing. PG 115) BP over the last few decades has risen to the green challenge. They have change their product offering by investing $4 billion in alternative energy, with its activity focused on advanced bio-fuels, wind business in the US, solar power, and carbon capture and storage (bp.com/speeches downloaded 18-09-10). The company has responded from the Copenhagen conference on climate change 2009 by reducing carbon emissions from their factories, vehicles and promoting the use of natural gas. In addition; BP work sensitively around plants and animals which is integral part of their efforts to manage environmental impacts; such as in Canadian Beaufort Sea where the use of sound techniques to mitigate the potential impact of sound on marine mammals. The company focuses on education with investments in science resources in UK classrooms to supporting for Chinas Tsinghua University in building strengths in management education. In Trinidad Tobago the company is promoting community development by building schools, hospitals, providing training to local residents on reproductive health and personal hygiene which created a drop in malaria prevalence from 23% in 2000 to less than 1% in 2009 www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/e_s_assets/e_s_assets_2009/downloads_pdfs/bp_sustainability_review_2009.pdfHYPERLINK http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/e_s_assets/e_s_assets_2009/downloads_pdfs/bp_sustainability_review_2009.pdfand downloaded 19-09-10and downloaded 19-09-10 and by employment of local staff. Villagers have been assisted to create better livelihoods in activities such as fishing and farming through training and better equipment provided by BP. BP has capitalised on these sustainability achievements and has involved them into the promotional elements of their marketing mix. Their brand image focuses on being an eco friendly company, with an emphasis on quality and environmentally friendly fuel. Plus their Partnership with Virgin has supported the Africa Eden Project. www.edenproject.com/documents/Annual_Review_06_07.pdf downloaded 19-09-10 . BP the biggest environmental crimes in history BP aims to be the leading environmentally friendly producer and supplier with eco friendly petrol and gas. BP has a strong CSR and sustainability policies and has become more ethically and socially aware with the realisation of customers and stakeholders needs and expectations from the company. However, a more in depth analysis indicates that BP advertisements and public relations within its marketing mixes are designed to make it look more environmentally friendly than it actually is. The term is called green washing This phenomenon of making small environmental concessions while otherwise continuing business (Responsible business marketing. PG 45) According to the Advertising Standards Agency; the raise of this phenomenon is becoming a very serious problem and have adopted new guideline to curve this new trend. The Advertising Standards Authority has seen a huge rise in the number of complaints about environmental claims in advertisements. Their consumer research has shown that awareness of green issues is high, but there is also confusion and a lack of basic understanding about environmental and ethical claims and what they really mean. http://asa.org.uk/ downloaded 23-09-10 This is because profit and the interests of the shareholders always seen to come first before the environment. In comparison; BPs sustainability report to its actions. In July 2000, BP launched a massive $200 million public relations and advertising campaign with  the new slogan and name change Beyond Petroleum. It changed its logo to a green and yellow sun and claimed to be a greener business. In 2005, a fire and explosion occurred at BP Texas City Refinery, killing 15 workers and injuring more than 170 others, its claims to have safety as one of its highest priorities. BP was charged with criminal violations of federal environmental laws and has been subject to lawsuits from the victims families. BP had a  £53 million fine from The Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the US for hundreds of safety violations, and subsequently imposed an even larger fine after claiming that BP had failed to implement safety improvements following the disaster http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/oct/30/bp-texas-city-safety-fine downloaded 19-09-10 In March 2006, BP spilled 200,000 gallons of crude oil in Alaska. The spill happened because BP failed to perform routine maintenance on its pipeline. It claims to work sensitively around the environment and animals. In October 2007, BP was ordered to pay more than $60 million by the U.S. Department of Justice for breaking environmental laws in Texas and Alaska. According to the Environmental Protection Agency in the US http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/8b770facf5edf6f185257359003fb69e/1af659cf4ce8a7b88525737f005979be!OpenDocument downloaded 19-09-10, this was the largest fine ever handed out for breaking Clean Air regulations in the U.S. In addition, BP then lobbied continuously to open up the Alaska National Wilderness Reserve for oil drilling to add to their increasing profits with no success. It claims to support conversation and wants to protect the environment from its green advertisements. In 2007 BP invested $1.5 billion to extract oil from the Canadian wilderness using methods which environmentalists say are part of the biggest global warming crime in history which 2 years earlier the company publicly said they would never invest or use such damaging environmental technology . In May 2010 BP was involved in an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which is now the biggest environmental disaster in American history blamed yet again on poor safety and maintenance. Yet in June 2010 BP decided to spend $50 million on green advertisement presenting a squeaky clean image which back fired adding to the growing tide of resentment by American consumers. http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/293020#ixzz0zsryzPBl Illustrating BP practises within the green marketing mixes; green products. BP produces and supplies a range of products and services. However, fossil fuels production and supply are their main source of profit which is environmentally damaging as its produces carbon emissions. Thus their core business is not environmentally friendly. As illustrated by Chick (1992), BP cannot use green packaging or reduce layers for their core business, which is the production of oil. Oil and fuel need to be stored correctly in drums and depot containers which cannot be reduce for safety reasons. There are a range of issues in managing the green promotional mix; BP has adopted a green branding marketing strategy which as indicated is environmentally friendly. However, the adoption of this green brand in its advertisement for example its marketing strategy has not been assimilated in some of BPs production mechanisms. Consequently, a range of disasters caused by BP has emerged at alarming rates, intensity and adversity within recent years. The inability to follow through on their green brand with safer production procedures will invariably result in outraged by the public. Going green may affect the cost structures of a business with a knock-on effect on prices. However with the recent oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico BP has spent  £8 billion and rising http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11174375 HYPERLINK http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11174375 downloaded 19-09-10downloaded 19-09-10 on the cleanup operation. BP had to sell assets to fund this massive cleanup operation with the CEO making a few disastrous statements in public. With this negative publicity and unpopular public image especially in the US it will affect the business and particularly its green pricing for its products. BP has green logistics; their centralized distribution centres and use of eco- friendly trucks have added to their green strategies, however producing crude oil from the tar sands a heavy mixture of bitumen, water, sand and clay found beneath more than 54,000 square miles of prime forest in northern Alberta was a backtrack from claiming 2 ago never to invest in this technology. Infrastructure had to be in place and created by forests being cleared to transport this product. http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/the-biggest-environmental-crime-in-history-764102.html downloaded on 19-09-10. Additionally, an area the size of England and Wales in their tar sands project combined generates up to four times more carbon dioxide, the principal global warming gas, than conventional drilling. The oil sands industry will produce 100 million tones of CO2 equivalent to a fifth of the UKs entire annual emissions which BP is currently undertaking. From there $200 million worldwide advertising campaign, BP has won many awards including Nikkei BP Advertising Awards 2008. However, since the Gulf of Mexico oil spill the company has the spent $93 million on advertising to clean their image. Angry protesters have claimed that this money should have been allocated to the people who have lost their livelihoods from the disaster. (www.ft.com/cms/s/0/09ee7e22-b5ee-11df-a048-00144feabdc0.html) downloaded 19-09-10 Conclusion BP is first and foremost a business; further BP operates in many countries with different environmental laws and policies. In some countries legislations were changing to reflect the environmental public interest for going green. In turn, BP has allocated profits to green branding with use of green marketing strategies, but in some instances the company was not successful in implementing its green marketing strategies into its production units. This resulted in oil spills and other environmental disasters. On the other hand, the business has good achievements within their sustainability and CSR policies. Exploiting these achievements to reinforce their green credentials is business suicide when it goes wrong. The amount spent on green marketing is way out of proportion to their actual green energy investments. Their investments into the oil sands is very environmentally damaging because of its massive CO2 emissions. Additionally, BP responsibilities on safety are very poor which is stated as BPs top priorities in their sustainability policy. Thus BP is Progressive for building relationships between the business and their shareholders. The company is Responsible for countless environmental disasters across the world through poor safety and maintenance procedures. The company is Innovative through finding new ways to spinning their green marketing propaganda and very Performance driven in keeping their promises to their shareholders by finding new ways to damage the environment. 2151 Words Reference http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/e_s_assets/e_s_assets_2009/downloads_pdfs/bp_sustainability_review_2009.pdf http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/the-biggest-environmental-crime-in-history-764102.html downloaded on 19-09-10 www.ft.com/cms/s/0/09ee7e22-b5ee-11df-a048-00144feabdc0.html downloaded 19-09-10 http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/293020#ixzz0zsryzPBl http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/8b770facf5edf6f185257359003fb69e/1af659cf4ce8a7b88525737f005979be!OpenDocument downloaded 19-09-10 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/oct/30/bp-texas-city-safety-fine downloaded 19-09-10 www.edenproject.com/documents/Annual_Review_06_07.pdf downloaded 19-09-10 http://asa.org.uk/ downloaded 23-09-10 http://www.ocimf.com/ B324 Marketing and Society Block 3 Responsible business marketing, Open University Worldwide, Michael Young Building, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom 2008 Prepared for the Course Team by Anja Schaefer based on a draft by David Faulkner

National Debt :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers Economics

National Debt The above statement suggests that the government should not make cuts in the social fabric because it can always roll over the debt, therefore, the national debt can be ignored. This statement means nothing to many Americans who would never dream of having a conversation about the national debt. Before reading about the national debt, I was one of those Americans who didn't care to realize the trouble my country, the land of the free, home of the brave, is in grave trouble. The trouble will come from the measures a government must take to reduce, or even stabilize a debt of 4.5 trillion dollars. "Taxation without representation" is a phrase found in the history books of our children. The young people of america learn about past events in hopes that history will not repeat itself. Something has failed. Those same children will feel the effects of their parents and grandparents goodtimes(running up of the national debt). The children of america are being taxed and punished. Right before their eyes, the children's future living styles aredeclining, while these children are ignorant to the fact. This is an example of taxation without representation. For the children, I believe the national debt cannot be ignored any longer. Nixon, Ford, Regan....the list of presidents who have tried to balance the national debt seems to want to go on forever. This cannot and will not happen. The national debt is eating us alive and must be balanced. No more trying, it must be done. There does however appear to be no end. The U.S. seemsto always be in someone's war, which causes recession and must run a deficit to stimulate the economy, but if our country insists on protecting

Poetic skills Tennyson Essay

To finally come to a conclusion on this question we will be referring to 3 narrative poems which are, ‘The Lady of Shalott’, ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ and ‘Mariana. ‘ A narrative poem is a poem that tells a story such as ‘Mariana’ which tells us a story of a girl who is waiting for her lover who would not return to her. The poetic skills that can be used in such poems are techniques such as description, use of mood and atmosphere, use of words, structure (stanzas, rhythm, rhyme scheme) and style (repetition, imagery, personification, alliteration, onomatopoeia, metaphor, contrast, simile), also narrative skills, e. g. suspense and tension (created within the story). In ‘The Lady of Shalott’, Tennyson divides the poem into 4 parts. The first part (part 1) sets the scene and consists of 4 stanzas. The second part (part 2) also consists of 4 stanzas. In this part we are inside the tower and we meet the lady, we also learn the she has a curse on her and that she must not look out of the window. In part 3 there are 5 stanzas. Here Sir Lancelot is introduced riding and singing on his way to Camelot. The lady can not resist and goes to look at him. The curse is broken and it is upon her, â€Å"‘The curse is come upon me,’ cried The lady of Shalott† (part 3 stanza 5 lines 8-9) Part 4 is the climax to the story and the poem. This part consists of 6 stanzas. Here she leaves the castle, goes out into the storm and finds a boat. The river takes her far. She sings her last song and dies. She is now seen by the people and Sir Lancelot for the first time. The second poem ‘Mariana’ is made up of 7 stanzas. At the start of each stanza there is a narrative voice and Mariana’s voice at the end. Each stanza describes a different area of her life. In the first stanza we see everything falling apart, â€Å"The rusted nails fell from the knots† (Stanza 1 line 3) This is a comparison to how her life is falling apart. At the end of each of the first six stanzas there are three lines which are always the same, â€Å"He cometh not, she said,’ she said; She said, ‘I am aweary, aweary, I would that I were dead! ‘ † (stanza 1 2 3 4 5 6 lines 10-11-12) The effect could be that we start to feel sorry for this poor, wretched woman as she always says that she wants to be dead. These three lines show that Mariana is waiting for someone but he never arrives. She wishes she was dead. The whole poem is about a woman alone in her house with everything falling apart.

Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Essay Example

Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Essay Example Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Essay Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Essay In every reading lesson, there are various ways in which a teacher measures the level of comprehension. Some of the guidelines used in measurement are automaticity and fluency. Automaticity is the way in which a learner develops the unconscious speed after being fluent. In this process, he is able to understand more, other than focusing on reading of vocabulary only. This paper will discuss the two concepts with a clear description of a theoretical analysis on automaticity. There are very many reasons why the two concepts are measured, which will also be brought out clearly in the essay. Additionally, the importance of fluency and automaticity is also revealed. It is therefore very necessary for teachers and students to understand that the two concepts are very beneficial for every learner so that they can comprehend more difficult work as they progress in learning. Otherwise, there would be a lot of problems in relation to learning as they progress to higher grades, and even at the college level, since they lacked proper orientation and foundation. Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Introduction In any classroom context, especially for young learners, it is necessary for the teacher to ensure that all the students develop the skills of fluency and automacity in all subjects. The academic performance of a child will only be good if the child has good skills in reading. Therefore, the teachers are always keen on measuring the level of fluency and automacity in the children they teach using various methods. This research paper seeks to discuss why fluency and automacity should be measured. Automacity and fluency The words automacity and fluency are intertwined. However, they are defined differently. Automacity is a process which is defined asâ€Å"quick, correct and effortless word recognition at the single word level. It is also defined as the ability to perform a task without significant demands on attention† (Philips, 2008). Automaticity comes form the word automotize, which basically means ‘automatic or unconsciously† (Miguel, 2008). On the other hand, fluency, or fluent reading is a process which is described as â€Å"the link between decoding and comprehension† (Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). It is a process which gives all learners the ability to move from monotonous and difficult reading to a kind of reading described as expressive and smooth. It is also defined as an automatic and accurate way of recognizing words, in addition to the proper use of prosody (Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). Fluency and automaticity are very important elements in all subjects. In language, there are several important skills, which include reading, writing, listening and speaking. The most important skill, which is in fact the opener to the other three, is reading. Since a student is required to know how to read in order to interpret comprehensions and understand all the other subjects, it is important for the teachers to emphasize on the skill. The recognition of the automatic word enables the reader to be attentive to all written texts. As a student begins to read, there is so much attention which is put on the exercise. With time, the ability of the learner in reading becomes automatic, and as a result, his or her attention lessens. This is described as â€Å"freeing up of cognitive resources for the construction of meaning† (Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). According to NIFL (2007), learners at the beginning and intermediate level are generally slow readers, but they increase their reading speed as they advance. Non- native speakers of a certain language and adults in the literacy classes also have the same characteristics. The only way that the students can be helped to move from intentional, slow decoding to the word recognition level is through constant practice. Practice is very beneficial as it enables learners to have the wide exposure in printing (alphabetic), makes work easier for the learners and the students get to learn any form of written work whether phonologically, orthographically and morphologically presented (Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). All the same, development of automaticity is not the endpoint of the reading process. It is not the only way that measurement can take place. Once all reading cycles begin, there should be fluency developed, and the learners should also be shown how to apply the skills they have learnt. Additionally, the learners should also been made aware of the need to use the skills learnt and therefore should be encouraged in monitoring of the skills (Wifischer, Holmes Yang, 2007). Theoretical discussion on automaticity The automatist theorists state that attention is very vital in any form of automatic information processing. Attention consists of external and internal. Internal attention is abstract and cannot be observed directly. It has three major properties, selectivity, alertness and limited capacity (Philips, 2008).On the other hand, external attention is revealed by the attitude of the readers through all senses. This is discussed in a model referred to as the La Berge Samuel model. The theory suggests that if too much energy is spent on easy tasks like decoding, there will be very minimal energy for giving the comprehension. Additionally, meaning must be derived, as there must be printed words which are decoded. As reader becomes fluent, he or she requires very little attention so as to decode words. Therefore, they only require putting much focus on comprehension of the text (Philips, 2008). Reasons of measuring automaticity and fluency One of the reasons why the two concepts are measured is to ensure that the learners have the ability of reading words in all texts so that all the readers can direct all their few cognitive resources from just recognizing words, and use them also in reading and understanding of all comprehensions. Word recognition is measured initially through prosodic or expressive reading, which is commonly known ad the melodic reading. In this case, the learners try to make out the meaning of words through their voices. In silent reading, however, the meaning of all texts is also revealed by the manner in which the words are read, with phrasing, expression, different pace, stressing some words through making some dramatic pauses. In the long run, the learner develops fluency and automaticity (Rasinski Griffith, 2008). The other reason why automaticity and fluency is measured in learners is to model the students so that they can be braced to face the curriculum introduced to them in future. This begins by ensuring that the learners are fluent readers. So as to mould good fluency skills, the teacher first reads a text loudly in class as the learners follow. The teacher also asks them to follow the teachers’ voice, and even assigns some if the reading tasks to the parents so that they can assist their children at home. The teachers are also instrumental as he or she helps the learner to realize that learning is not only a matter of reading fast, but reading expressively through listening to the teachers directions (Rasinski Griffith, 2008).The reading process of a learner who is not well oriented to the concept of fluency and automatization is characterized by halting, inappropriate expressions, oral speech problems and several decoding errors (Fink Samuels, 2008). It is also important to measure fluency and automaticity in learners because the teacher is able to identify any learner who could be having eyesight problems. Therefore, the learner with the eyesight problem can be referred to an eye specialist as early as possible. Children with eye problems tend to struggle so much when reading. According to Getz, (2008), using the ‘Snellen eye chart test’ is not a good way of testing any visual activity. Once it happens, the teachers and parents get a false notion that the child is fit for learning. However, it is through reading that the child is able to assess whether the child has got any form of visual interference. There would be maximum development of the child’s potential if at all the visual pathways of the child are interfered with. Brain-based research reveals all the neurological reasons why the development of automaticity is so vital in all learning processes. There are very many clinical trials in several computer-based interventions which reveal the real world classroom results. The studies have revealed that the brain is â€Å"a limited control processor that isn’t capable of efficiently managing both fixed knowledge processing and higher order reasoning at once† (Auto Skill, 2009). Therefore, by automatizing knowledge which is fixed, for example decoding of letters, the students can focus on a high level of reasoning and comprehension. When automaticity continues developing, the processes of the brain also continue advancing. There are also ninety percent reductions in the activities of the cortex (Auto Skill, 2009). Learners who have good mathematics skills could probably have been exposed to very good fluency and automaticity orientation. This is because they learn how to decide information at a faster rate compared to those who have problems in fluency and automaticity. Therefore According to Auto Skill, (2009), development of mathematics skills is also measured by the students laying necessary work so as to attain all their academic goals. The core of fluency is in the automaticity concept, and it is also meaningful in mathematics. According to Teacher to Teacher (2010), teachers provide a great deal of practice so as to make sure that there is computational fluency Automaticity is generally derived from over-learning. This is usually through the process of repeated drilling and practice. This has got very many implications in the classrooms of students who are learning English as a second language, and all other subjects. For effective fluency and automatization, the teacher is supposed to give information from the general to specific, known to unknown, simple to complex. This is what is referred to as bottom –up processing (Miguel, 2008). Conclusion From the discussion, fluency and automaticity are very important terms in education of the learners. Once fluency is developed through the help of a teacher, automaticity develops unconsciously. It is therefore very important for all teachers to ensure that their learners have good automaticity and fluent skills so that they can perform well in their class work. Otherwise, the learners will always have problems in learning. Learners who have problems should get the right assistance from their teachers. They should be referred to specialists if at all they have problems in their academics, so that the problems might not become worse in future.

Cracker Barrels Porters Five Forces Analysis

Cracker Barrels Porters Five Forces Analysis Threat of Substitutes Cracker Barrel faces the threat of immediate substitutes in the retail store chain. The business has however tried to mitigate the effects of direct substitutes to its products by creating additional gift shops. In doing so, the risks of low sales because of available substitutes have reduced considerably (Dess, Lumpkin Eisner, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cracker Barrel’s Porters Five Forces Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the business continues to face threats of heightened competition, Cracker Barrel occupies a comfortable position as a family restaurant of choice across the market. This condition leaves Cracker Barrel business advantaged over its peers in the restaurant business (Dess, Lumpkin Eisner, 2009). Threat of New Entrants In spite of the fact that a business may easily enter the restaurant industry, it is increasingly difficult to create a stron g franchise that matches Cracker Barrel. Therefore, Cracker Barrel as an established business in the restaurant industry faces fewer threats of new entries into the market. In general, it is difficult for the new entrants to turn around the tables in their favor because Cracker Barrel already enjoys the highest customer loyalty in the market (Ireland, Hitt Hoskisson, 2011). Bargaining Power The industry evaluation demonstrates that the customers have the bargaining power as opposed to suppliers. Although there exists numerous restaurants from which to choose from, customers still have the market authority to decide from which restaurant to eat (Ireland, Hitt Hoskisson, 2011). This owes to the fact that there is lack of a switching cost when customers select different restaurants. This scenario demonstrates that Cracker Barrel as a player in this market environment must take an active step to entice its customers to generate loyalty through happiness. This implies that a customer m ay decide to eat in a different chain given that he or she will experience no cost in the process. It becomes necessary for all the restaurants to practice good customer service in order to leave their customers happy and satisfied (Dess, Lumpkin Eisner, 2009). SWOT Analysis Strengths Family values remain Cracker Barrels greatest strength since the experience most customers, especially families makes it the restaurant of choice. Its differentiated products and services serve as another great strength (Ireland, Hitt Hoskisson, 2011). It utilizes unique combination of both retail and restaurant chain, which leaves it unique from other restaurants such as IHOP and Denny’s. Weaknesses- the negative image and reputation that emerged from racist facets throughout its chain affects Cracker Barrel in its business. Additionally, the requirement of its staff to exhibit heterosexual characters during service has attracted heated debates from activists of gay rights.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Opportunities The ability to respond to the needs and desires of its clientele offers Cracker with a unique opportunity to change its image. As briefed in its weaknesses, Cracker used to demand of its staff to display heterosexual values before. This scenario led to it poor rating on a scale of 0-100 by scoring 15 points in a survey conducted by Human rights campaign in 2008. However, a change in this orientation has put it a notch high to attain a 55-point, which demonstrates improvement to the market. Threats Cracker Barrels greatest competitor is Dennys. However, although Dennys registered revenues of 75% less than Cracker Barrel, their net incomes remained less as compared to Cracker Barrel. This indicates that Cracker still sits on a better ground, but potential competition is likely to influence its business. Strategic business Analysis Cracker Barrel’s business strategies remain differentiation and strategic expansion. The business has successfully generated advantages through differentiation by creating a unique retail store and restaurant chain combination unmatched by other players (Dess, Lumpkin Eisner, 2009). On the other hand, its ability to generate sufficient revenues and subsequent investments in multiple chains in the excess of 600 locations brings Cracker Barrel to the brink of its success. Based on the analysis, the strategies implemented by Cracker would still survive the market tests since expansion and differentiation remain to be suitable, especially in the restaurant industry (Ireland, Hitt Hoskisson, 2011). References Dess, G., Lumpkin, T., Eisner, A. (2009). Strategic Management: Text and Cases. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Ireland, D. R., Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E. (2011). Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and Cases. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.

Shaping Ethical Contexts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Shaping Ethical Contexts - Assignment Example For the clinical psychologists, there is a need to maintain loyalty to the patient for them to open up in therapy, despite the nature of information revealed (Steere 42). The moral foundation of fairness/cheating explains the ethical conflict surrounding payments for services. Although payment is generally expected for services rendered, insurance companies rarely pay for the entire therapy, leading clinical psychologist to contemplate stopping therapy or to falsify information so as not to cause harm to the patient by stopping therapy (Beinart et al 33). Sanctity/degradation can explain the ethical conflict that occurs in doctor-patient relationships, especially due to complications caused by outside interests. This moral foundation emphasizes the abhorrence of improper actions, such as personal or business relationships interfering with the ability to treat patients. Finally, the moral foundation of care/harm can explain the ethical conflict that arises with regards to competence in applying appropriate therapeutic practices. While the patient may require specific treatment, the clinical psychologist may not have the proper training to provide it a nd may have to accept personal limitation to avoid harming the patient (Jensen 46). Survival of the fittest is a phrase originating from the theory of evolution. Posited by Herbert Spencer as an alternative to the description of natural selection mechanisms, it is more commonly utilized to refer to the increased probability of fit organisms/persons to survive a specific test compared to unfit ones (Bradie 51). This phrase is also expressible as a hypothesis or theory, contending that fit individuals are, compared to unfit individuals, in a sense more suited to surviving a specific situation or condition. In this case, the individuals of a species who are best suited to their

Autism Spectrum Disorder Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Autism Spectrum Disorder - Dissertation Example The project will be using children and adults with varying degrees of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder). In working with children and/or adolescents the researcher must also want to work with the parents. The researcher will now devise various questions and activities that the participants may be able to do or not. This will also show the parents during their observation periods what their children can do and get a better understanding of the disorder their child has been diagnosed. This project will also need to be reliable and valid for the future, that teachers and other professionals will be able to use this project in their care of the child or children. The researcher will be conducting interviews with many different activities that will show what the participants know and teach them new skills that will help them in their life. The research will also have various questionnaires for the parents and caregivers to fill out. These questionnaires will provide sections for personal inf ormation, degree of autism, activities that they can do and skills that they cannot do, medications that they may have been on and the medications they are taking now, we will also have to know what treatments and interventions that have been used before and those that seem to work and treatments that did not work. The researcher must decide on how all these aspects of the research will progress through the study. The researcher must want to see other records that pertain to the participants of the study. The researcher must let the parents know what is going to occur throughout the study and must be given informed consent and told about confidentiality. (Corey, 2011) The researcher must need to know how the participant(s) were affected by previous treatments and medications. This study will be quantitative and qualitative for the project will be using various children and adolescents. The quantitative aspect would involve how the participants will interact (strengthen or weaken) th e effects at the different levels between the variables and the initial effects that do not change. It is also qualitative for there will be reverses to the effect depending on what occurs in the study. (Nolan.2011) Variables of this study will be the children, the parents and caregivers, and the past and future interventions that will be used and created. The researcher must also look at age, culture, grade level if school age and if working what kind of occupation they have if they are older and the independent variable being the activities that the dependent variables, the participants, will accomplish during the research process. (Cozby, 2004) Timeline for Doing Research Doing a Literature Review In doing research on Autism Spectrum Disorder the researcher must proceed with a ‘radical looking’. This is when researchers do a general literature review to see what has been done in the past and what possibly could be done in the future. When doing research, researchers must keep their ears and eyes open for new developments and suggestions that just might help to progress the research. This is when the researcher can attend conferences, listen to interviews from others about the disorder and gather information that could be used to progress the study. This can also be a time to listen for new suggestions about the disorder. This is known as ‘radical listening’

A comparative analysis of French and other local languages in Conde's Essay

A comparative analysis of French and other local languages in Conde's Traversee de la Mangrove and Chamoiseau's Chronique des sept miseres - Essay Example Condà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Traversà ©e de la Mangrove and Chamoiseau’s Chronique des sept misà ¨res will be closely analysed in this essay in order to provide a comparative analysis of the use of French and other local languages in both novels. Firstly, the narrative technique of both novels will be analysed in order to determine how the French language is presented and the message that each author wishes to portray to the reader as a result. The presentation of local languages will also be considered so that insight can be gained into how each author wishes to represent their place of birth and its culture through linguistic technique. Finally, the use of myth and fantasy will be examined so that a clear form of usage can be defined, in order to decipher its function within the portrayal of the French language. By representing a collection of different opinions, all of which question each other’s motives, Condà © provides a way of presenting collective accounts as a means of several possibilities and ways to write a novel. This free and somewhat disorderly structure may suggest that Condà © wishes to counteract typical order and demands. An argument for this case can be put forward as Condà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s female characters speak in the first person. In Mira’s first account, the first person is employed from the beginning as she explains to the reader about times during her childhood when she spent time at the river. She informs the reader that, The use of the first person is important, out of all the men represented in the novel, it is only Loulou’s son, Joby who is  «Ã‚  un garà §onnet pà ¢lot  Ã‚ »2, a description, which is rather emasculating and Xantippe who Condà © permits to speak in the first person. It is interesting to note on this point that during the classical period of ancient Greece, Xantippe was in fact a woman and wife to Socrates, a

Changes in Children- Birth Essay Example for Free

Changes in Children- Birth Essay Before six months the main reason why a child’s emotion and emotional expression is different is due to the brain not being fully mylinated. As the child ages past the first month, their frontal cortex begins to advance as increasing neurological development is starting and beginning to modify and transform the operations of the in-built emotional expressions (Wilson, 2003, p. 55). Suffering, pain, joy, fear and interest are among the first emotions that an infant express. These primary emotions are important as this is a child’s first way of showing and communicating with adults their needs. It is for the reason of communication we must look at our primary emotions as a human survival mechanism, as these are involuntary and in- built features all children are born with (Wilson, 2003, p. 55). All primary emotions are all expressed in the same manner, which raises the question as to whether emotions are all universal; that emotions are genetic, or that all cultures share mutual background features. There are 2 main theories on emotional development; discrete emotions theory and a structural approach (Wilson, 2003, p. 48). Izard, Tomkins, Ekman are the leaders of discrete emotions theory. These theorists proclaimed that emotion had 3 components; physiological, behavioural and subjective. These emotions where present from birth and could be seen by studying facial expressions of infants. The results and information these theorists where gaining agreed with Darwin that these expressions where the same in all culture and must be an in-built neural feature. As humans age our primary emotions network with cognition and form ‘cognitive affected structures’, this is how secondary emotions are developed discrete emotions theory (Wilson, 2003, p. 49). This theory can be applied to my own family, as recently there was a sudden death of my aunt, as a result we had family members calling from different parts of Australia and the world calling to offer their condolences and support to our family. This reaction to a death of a family member is universal. The structural development approach see’s development as holistic. This approach states that all systems interact with each other and the environment with emphasis on the social environment. The environment play a large factor in the development of children, but theorists cannot deny genetic is also a large contributor. Sroufe a theorist states that all emotions have antecedent. In Sroufe’s theory in the first 6 months of an infant’s life emotional ancestor can also be physiological states and not recognised as emotions, and that secondary emotions build from there (Wilson, 2003, p. 50). By the age of two, a toddler’s brain contains more neurons than an adult and has twice the amount of connections between these cells. It has been linked that that as a toddler’s brain contains more neurons that they need more rest then adults for their brain’s to function fully. During this time more neurons die and more connections are pruned throughout brain in the first three years of life than other stage of life. The leading element of the development of expressions of emotion in the child’s environment is the carer and the care the child receives. Emotional deprivation occurs when children who are not had consistent warm emotional relationships as a young child, this leads to their secondary emotions being weak. Children who have suffered from emotional deprivation are targets for exploitation and paedophiles as they have ‘affection hunger’ (Wilson, 2012 slide, 8) A child in the toddlerhood has additionally reached a point where they have developed a sense of self. The maturation of the frontal lobes and the limbic circuit in the brain is the cause for the development of a toddler achieving a sense of self. As a result of the toddlers sense of self they are able to show empathy and can affectively communicate and label their emotions to their peers and adults. This allows a child to say ‘I am mad or sad’ instead of crying and having a tantrum, although toddlers still react in this manner they can communicate there emotions more effectively (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. ara 7). From two to six years of age is early childhood. It is at this stage in a child’s life they have developed motor skills that enable them to become more self-sufficient and self-controlled. Children are creating friendships and being more engrossed in playtime such as; painting pictures which creates symbolic expression. There is an incr easing need for the carer to engage with the toddler by conversing and meeting the child’s social, cognitive and emotional needs, their perspectives, and interests. The child’s ability to tell stories is a way of understanding their perspectives (â€Å"Hearing young children’s voices,† nd, p. 19). Through a greater understanding of the world around them a child develop and understanding that the world didn’t revolve around them and that nothing was as simple as they one thought it was. During the age of 2-6 most children attend preschool, which gives young children a great understand about display rules. By attending preschool it gives young children an understanding about how to express their emotions in an appropriate way in all contexts of life ranging from family, school and society. Toddlers may learn how to appropriately express their emotions but influences from their family still have a great impact on their expression. The preschool is a system, with rules, boundaries, and expectations. It is important for children to know where they stand and by placing them in a system such as preschool whilst they are developing their emotional expression allows them to shine. For children in good environments the control of emotional expression accelerates from 3 to 5 years (Wilson, 2003, p132). From the age of six to eight children become aware of the difference between expressing emotion and feeling it. This affectively allows the child to manage their emotional expression by reflecting on their emotions; this is an emotional coping skill children learn in order to avoid negative attention or experiences such as bullying. Although, school age children are becoming more exposed to the wider world new challenges are arising such as, fears of failing or poor academic result in school as many children are put under presser from parents to achieve high grades (Berk, 2009, p. 410). When the child reaches ten years of age their expression of emotions is likely to have significantly enhanced. At this age most children have developed a set of techniques for controlling their expressions of emotion. General strategies are problem centred coping, they are able to identify the challenge, asses and solve issues that may arise. If problem solving is not successful the child may adopt emotion-centred coping that is private and internal (Berk, 2009, p. 410). An external influence has also been heightened during this period such communicating with their peers on how to deal with the situation. Children at this age are able to justify circumstances and actions or â€Å"reconstruct scenarios to make them seem less upsetting emotionally† (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. para. 11). By age eleven, the child has began to integrate inner standards of excellence and good behaviour with self-conscious emotions; their internal strategies are starting to be utilised for self-regulating, and a shift from problem centred and emotion centred coping has taken place and there social etiquette of expressing emotions has improved (Berk, 2009, p. 416). In adolescents emotions are still forming. Most children reach adolescence rom eleven to twenty years. During this time an adolescent is trying to create distance from their family and form their independence. Peer pressure may appear to be irresistible regardless of the adolescence’s inner feelings, as it full fills their need for acceptance and desire to ‘fit it’. Emotional expression and even the adole scence’s inner feelings may alter on the way they react to certain stimuli or events, when in the context of groups, this can be seen in how a adolescent reacts on a school excursion to how they react out with their peers on the weekend at a movie theatre. Wilson, 2003, p. 176-77). Young adolescences’ endure peer group contexts where their expression of emotion is displayed in the environment of peer norms. Each child is an individual as they have been brought up in different backgrounds. In turn their fundamental feelings have been restricted although they have acquired the display associated with emotion. In example some adolescences may display in anger in what they have seen of anger, with the increase in aggression used television shows and in movies adds to the range of anger an adolescent cane use (Wilson, 2003, pp176-77). In certain circumstances some adolescences exhibition emotions that they may not feel or more emotions than felt, this is present in children of younger age groups but, is more dominant in adolescences. Adolescence is known as a period of storm and stress. Social, cognitive and environmental factors are a large contribution of how the adolescences expression of emotion will inevitably mature. During adolescence the social problems become more complex and they chose to talk to their peers to offer help to overcome this situation (â€Å"Emotional development†, 2006,. para. 12). Children who have been deprived have complex expressions of emotions, and on top of the struggle with complicated emotions that arise during adolescents put’s these children at greater strain. Adolescents according to Piaget are self- focusing. Piaget believed that during adolescence a new form of egocentrism formed as adolescents could not separate the difference between their thoughts and others thoughts. There were 2 main ways this could be explained, through self-audience and personal fable. Self -audience is when an adolescent believes they are the emphasis of everyone’s attention. It is through self-audience that adolescents may feel extremely self-conscious and aware of themselves. Self fable is when an adolescent feels that people are always giving them attention and watching them, this is similar to what a toddler may think but by this stage an adolescent should know that they can not always be the centre of attention. When an adolescent is not receiving they believe is due it leads to them being upset and moody. (Berk, 2009, p. 252) As human beings everyone develops their emotion expression at various time of their life. As we age and mature so do our emotions and expressions, how an infant reacts to a range of emotions compared to a 20 year old will be absolutely different, this may be due to the culture they have been brought up in or they have learned display rules. As seen throughout this essay emotional development does not occur in isolation but in some rare circumstances it does, there are many cognitive, neurological and behavioural influences interact with emotional, social and cultural influences. References Berk, L. (2009). Child development (8th ed. Person International Edition Colman,A. (2009), Oxford Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press Emotional development . (2006). Retrieved from http://www. education. com/reference/article/emotional-development/ Hearing young children’s voices, (n. d). Retrieved from http://www. children. act. gov. au/documents/PDF/under5report. pdf Wilson, L. (2003), The Emotional Life of Children. National Library of Australia: Charles Sturt University. Wilson, L. (2012). Lecture3: dependence needs of children [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from in class on the 17/07/2012

Essay --

IMPAIRMENT AWARE ROUTING In WDM technology, the capacity of a fiber is divided into several subscribers by using light paths. In these paths traffic flows. Traffic between a pair of nodes may not fill up the available bandwidth of a light path. The network performance is affected by the transmission impairments which are due to the non ideal optical components. Since we have optical amplifier, optical switches and other optical devices and soon we have all optical equipments with the time and it is possibility that the entire network will be optical network. Transparent Optical Network Opaque Network There are two types of networks. These are opaque network and transparent network. In opaque network we have to do Optical-Electrical-Optical conversion at all nodes in the path. This type of network is costly because if we make a nationwide network then we will have to use a large no. of routers. But to make it less expensive we can use translucent network. In translucent network the regeneration is done only on a few nodes instead of all nodes. Transparent Network The other network that is transparent is less costly because there is no need of OEO conversion at the intermediate nodes. We can send analog signal in the transparent network. The size of transparent network is determined by impairments effects such as Chromatic dispersion (CD), attenuation, crosstalk, noise etc. Effects of Transmission Impairments on Routing and Wavelength Assignment When signal travels from source to destination then it may be ruined by linear and non-linear impairments. Linear impairments are amplifier noise, Group velocity dispersion (GVD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), component crosstalk. The nonlinear impairments are self-phase modulation... ...s called Physical layer blocking. Advantages ïÆ'Ëœ Network load decreases by using IABP and IAFF ïÆ'Ëœ About 30 % reduction in blocking ïÆ'Ëœ Call admission criteria not only depends on the resource availability but also on quality of light path’s signal ïÆ'Ëœ A light path with good signal quality ïÆ'Ëœ Network resources are in intelligent control ïÆ'Ëœ Network used more efficiently Disadvantages ïÆ'Ëœ This technology cannot compute a route with minimal impairments ïÆ'Ëœ To find a qualified route path for the connection request it needs more than one trial ïÆ'Ëœ Algorithm does not consider residual-dispersion accumulation, power divergence, polarization-dependent loss gain (PDLIPDG), filter concatenation, signal transient, fiber nonlinearities. ïÆ'Ëœ When the data rate increases to 40 Gbps and furthermore, impairments become even more difficult ïÆ'Ëœ As load increases the call blocking increases